Steps to take Cold Backup

1.shutdown the database
2.create backup directory structure
3.copy CRD files to backup destination
4.start the database

root> su - oracle
oracle> cat /etc/oratab
To see the existing databases.
oracle> export ORACLE_SID=venu
oracle> sqlplus / as sysdba
SQL> startup
SQL> select name,open_mode,log_mode from v$database;
SQL> select instance_name,status from v$instance;
SQL> select name from v$datafile;
SQL> select name from v$controlfile;
SQL> select member from v$logfile;
SQL> shut immediate

root> mkdir -p /u03/coldbkp
root> chown -R oracle:oinstall /u03/coldbkp
root> chmod -R 775 /u03/coldbkp

root> su - oracle
oracle> cd /u01/app/oracle/venu
oracle venu> ls
oracle venu> cp *.* /u03/coldbkp

SQL> startup
SQL> archive log list;
SQL> conn scott/tiger
scott> select count(*) from salgrade;
scott> insert into salgrade select * from salgrade;
scott> /
scott> commit;
scott> select count(*) from salgrade;
scott> conn / as sysdba
SQL> alter system switch logfile;
When we switch the logfile manually, the status of the file will be changed to active from current and the archive logs will be generated.